Free (open) boundary condition: some experiences with viscous flow simulations

The free (or open) boundary condition (FBC, OBC) was proposed by Papanastasiou et al. (A new outflow boundary condition, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 1992; 14:587–608) to handle truncated domains with synthetic boundaries where the outflow conditions are unknown. In the present work, implementation of the FBC has been tested in several benchmark problems of viscous flow in fluid mechanics. The FEM is used to provide numerical results for both cases of planar and axisymmetric domains under laminar, isothermal or non‐isothermal, steady‐state conditions, for Newtonian fluids. The effects of inertia, gravity, compressibility, pressure dependence of the viscosity, slip at the wall, and surface tension are all considered individually in the extrudate‐swell benchmark problem for a wide range of the relevant parameters. The present results extend previous ones regarding the applicability of the FBC and show cases where the FBC is inappropriate, namely in the extrudate‐swell problem with gravity or surface‐tension effects. Particular emphasis has been given to the pressure at the outflow, which is the most sensitive quantity of the computations. In all cases where FBC is appropriate, excellent agreement has been found in comparisons with results from very long domains. The formulation for Picard‐type iterations is given in some detail, and the differences with the Newton–Raphson formulation are highlighted regarding some computational aspects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DNS of backward‐facing step flow with fully turbulent inflow

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) has been performed to study the channel flow over a backward‐facing step at a Reynolds number Re_b=5600 based on the step height h and the inflow bulk velocity U_b. A dynamic method has been used in order to generate realistic turbulent inflow conditions. The results upstream of the step compared well with the fully developed channel flow. Downstream of the step our results show excellent agreement with experimental data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CFD simulation of oil–water separation characteristics in a compact flotation unit by population balance modeling

Huge amounts of produced water are generated in offshore oil production. The Compact Flotation Unit (CFU) is an excellent pretreatment technology of produced water with high separation efficiency, low residence, and small split ratio. The Computational Fluid Dynamics-population balance model (CFD-PBM) method is used in the present work to study the oil–water separation characteristics in the self-developed Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology Compact Flotation Unit (BIPTCFU) at both micro-scale and macro-scale, which would help us gain more insights into the mechanism and the influence of flow field on the oil–water separation process such as the oil droplets’ diameter distribution and separation efficiency. The effects of the inlet diameter, the height of the preliminary separation zone, and the width of the annular space on the oil–water separation characteristics of CFU were discussed systematically. It is illustrated that the appropriate increase of inlet velocity, decrease of annular gap width, and increase of the height in the preliminary separation zone can effectively promote the collision and coalescence process of oil droplets. However, the overlarge height of the preliminary separation zone and the too narrow width of the annular space will both have a significant negative effect on the migration and separation of oil and water and lead to the decrease of separation efficiency.     

Compressed exponential form for disordered domain wall motion in ultra-thin Au/Co/Au ferromagnetic films

Magnetization reversal in ultra-thin Au/Co/Au films deposited on single crystal silicon (1 0 0) was investigated using Kerr microscopy. In the considered ultra-thin Co films, with a thickness between 0.7 and 1 nm, the coercivity and magnetic anisotropy decrease with decrease in cobalt layer thickness and the magnetization reversal dynamics is dominated by disordered domain wall motion. An analysis of the observed magnetization reversal dynamics is proposed, starting from the Fatuzzo-Labrune model. We show that the relaxation curves of these samples are well described by a function obtained by a technical transformation of Fatuzzo-Labrune model in the regime dominated by domain wall motion.     

Stabilization of spiral wave and turbulence in the excitable media using parameter perturbation scheme

This paper proposes a scheme of parameter perturbation to suppress the stable rotating spiral wave, meandering spiral wave and turbulence in the excitable media, which is described by the modified Fitzhug-Nagumo （MFHN） model. The controllable parameter in the MFHN model is perturbed with a weak pulse and the pulse period is decided by the rotating period of the spiral wave approximatively. It is confirmed that the spiral wave and spiral turbulence can be suppressed greatly. Drift and instability of spiral wave can be observed in the numerical simulation tests before the whole media become homogeneous finally.     

Kinetic modeling of a high power fast-axial-flow CO2 laser with computational fluid dynamics method

A new computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for the simulation of fast-axial-flow CO2 laser is developed.The model which is solved by CFD software uses a set of dynamic differential equations to describe the dynamic process in one discharge tube.The velocity,temperature,pressure and turbulence energy distributions in discharge passage are presented.There is a good agreement between the theoretical prediction and the experimental results.This result indicates that the parameters of the laser have significant effect on the flow distribution in the discharge passage.It is helpful to optimize the output of high power CO2 laser by mastering its kinetic characteristics.     

The fractal measurement of experimental images of supersonic turbulent mixing layer

Flow visualization of supersonic mixing layer has been studied based on the high spatiotemporal resolution Nano-based Planar Laser Scattering(NPLS) method in SML-1 wind tunnel. The corresponding images distinctly reproduced the flow structure of laminar,transitional and turbulent region,with which the fractal measurement can be implemented. Two methods of measuring fractal dimension were introduced and compared. The fractal dimension of the transitional region and the fully developing turbulence region of supersonic mixing layer were measured based on the box-counting method. In the transitional region,the fractal dimension will increase with turbulent intensity. In the fully developing turbulent region,the fractal dimension will not vary apparently for different flow structures,which em-bodies the self-similarity of supersonic turbulence.     

Multi-Fractal Formalism for Quasi-Self-Similar Functions

The study of multi-fractal functions has proved important in several domains of physics. Some physical phenomena such as fully developed turbulence or diffusion limited aggregates seem to exhibit some sort of self-similarity. The validity of the multi-fractal formalism has been proved to be valid for self-similar functions. But, multi-fractals encountered in physics or image processing are not exactly self-similar. For this reason, we extend the validity of the multi-fractal formalism for a class of some non-self-similar functions. Our functions are written as the superposition of similar structures at different scales, reminiscent of some possible modelization of turbulence or cascade models. Their expressions look also like wavelet decompositions. For the computation of their spectrum of singularities, it is unknown how to construct Gibbs measures. However, it suffices to use measures constructed according the Frostman's method. Besides, we compute the box dimension of the graphs.     

Lagrangian and Eulerian velocity intermittency

Usual turbulence experiments, based on the Taylor hypothesis, differ from true Eulerian measurements. This is the origin of the apparent discrepancy between a recent two point correlation analysis and the multiplicative cascade picture. Indeed, both Eulerian and Lagrangian observations perfectly agree with this picture. Received 19 June 2002 / Received in final form 29 July 2002 Published online 14 October 2002 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: bcastain@ens-lyon.fr     

墙体对微波脉冲的衰减特性

 研究墙体对微波脉冲的衰减特性，测量了微波脉冲垂直入射墙体后的脉冲信号，经过计算得到普通砖混墙、普通钢筋混凝土墙、钢筋网混凝土墙对窄带微波和超宽带微波的衰减值；分析了微波脉冲穿越不同墙体的频谱变化。研究结果表明，普通钢筋混凝土墙和普通砖混墙对窄带微波脉冲的衰减为0.342～0.699 dB/cm，对超宽带信号的衰减为0.134～0.183 dB/cm。钢筋网混凝土墙（厚65 cm）对超宽带信号的衰减较大（29.07～45.79 dB），同时使穿透墙体的超宽带信号频率分布向高频位移。